Substituted aliphatic amine-containing macrocyclic immunomodulators

ABSTRACT

Compounds having the formula ##STR1## and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, amides and prodrugs thereof, wherein one of R 104  and R 105  is hydrogen, and the other of R 104  and R 105  is a radical having the formula ##STR2## as well as pharmaceutically compositions containing such compounds and methods of immunomodulative therapy utilizing the same.

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/099,976, filed Jul. 30, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,194 which is a continuation-in-part of the United States patent application Ser. No. 08/032,958, filed on Mar. 17, 1993, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel chemical compounds having immunomodulatory activity, and in particular to macrolide immunosuppressants. More particularly, the invention relates to semisynthetic analogs of ascomycin and FK-506, means for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment employing the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The compound cyclosporine (cyclosporin A) has found wide use since its introduction in the fields of organ transplantation and immunomodulation, and has brought about a significant increase in the success rate for transplantation procedures. Unsatisfactory side-effects associated with cyclosporine, however, such as nephrotoxicity, have led to a continued search for immunosuppressant compounds having improved efficacy and safety.

Recently, several classes of macrocyclic compounds having potent immunomodulatory activity have been discovered. Okuhara et al., in European Patent Application No. 184162, published Jun. 11, 1986, disclose a number of macrocyclic compounds isolated from the genus Streptomyces. Immunosuppressant FK-506, isolated from a strain of S. tsukubaensis, is a 23-membered macrocyclic lactone represented by formula 1a, below. Other related natural products, such as FR-900520 (1b) and FR-900523 (1c), which differ from FK-506 in their alkyl substituent at C-21, have been isolated from S. hygroscopicus yakushimnaensis. Yet another analog, FR-900525, produced by S. tsukubaensis, differs from FK-506 in the replacement of a pipecolic acid moiety with a proline group.

FR-900520, also known as ascomycin, has been previously disclosed by Arai et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,244,592, issued Apr. 5, 1966, where the compound is described as an antifungal agent. Monaghan, R. L., et al., on the other hand, describe the use of ascomycin as an immunosuppressant in European Patent Application No. 323865, published Jul. 12, 1989.

Although the immunosuppressive activity of FK-506 has been clinically confirmed, toxicity in mammals has limited its utility. The activity of FK-506 has, however, prompted efforts to discover novel analogs of FK-type compounds which possess superior properties. These efforts include the isolation of new fermentation products, the microbial transformation of existing chemical entities, the chemical modification of these macrocycles, and the synthesis of hybrid species derived from smaller synthetic fragments. ##STR3##

Fermentation products of FK-type compounds include C-21-epi derivatives of FK-506; a 31-demethylated derivative of FK-506; 31-oxo-FK-506; and compounds derived from FK-506, FR-900523 and FR-900525 which are characterized by the introduction of hydroxy-protecting groups, formation of a double bond by elimination of water between carbons 23 and 24, oxidation of the hydroxy group at carbon 24 to the ketone, and reduction of the allyl side-chain at carbon 21 via hydrogenation. Other published derivatives include those derived from FK-506 and FR-900520 where the lactone ring is contracted to give a macrocyclic ring containing two fewer carbons.

Several microbial transformations of FK-type compounds at carbon 13 have been published, such as the microbial demethylation of FR-900520 to form the bis-demethylated 13,31-dihydroxy ring-rearranged derivative of FR-900520; the microbial monodemethylation of FK-506 and FR-900520, respectively; and the microbial demethylation of FR-900520 at C-31, as well as a number of other macrocyclic microbial transformation products.

Numerous chemical modifications of the FK-type compounds have been attempted. These include the preparation of small synthetic fragments of FK-type derivatives; a thermal rearrangement of a variety of derivatives of FK-506 which expands the macrocyclic ring by two carbons; and modifications which include methyl ether formation at C-32 and/or C-24, oxidation of C-32 alcohol to the ketone, and epoxide formation at C-9.

Although some of these modified compounds exhibit immunosuppressive activity, the need remains for macrocyclic immunosuppressants which do not have the serious side effects frequently associated with immunosuppressant therapy. Accordingly, one object of the invention is to provide novel semisynthetic macrolides which possess the desired immunomodulatory activity but which may be found to minimize untoward side effects.

Another object of the present invention is to provide synthetic processes for the preparation of such compounds from starting materials obtained by fermentation, as well as chemical intermediates useful in such synthetic processes.

A further object of the invention is to provide pharmaceutical compositions containing, as an active ingredient, one of the above compounds. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a method of treating a variety of disease states, including post-transplant tissue rejection and autoimmune disfunction.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the present invention are disclosed compounds having the formula ##STR4## and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, amides and prodrugs thereof, wherein:

R¹⁰⁰ is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen or --OR⁸ ;

R¹⁰¹ is methyl, ethyl, allyl or propyl;

R¹⁰² is hydrogen and R¹⁰³ is (a) hydrogen, (b) hydroxy, or (c) hydroxy protected by a hydroxy-protecting group or, taken together, R¹⁰² and R¹⁰³ form a bond; and

one of R¹⁰⁴ and R¹⁰⁵ is hydrogen, and the other of R¹⁰⁴ and R¹⁰⁵ is a radical having the formula ##STR5## where Z is a divalent radical selected from ##STR6## --(C₂ -to-C₈ alkylidene)-- and --(C₂ -to-C₄ alkylidene)--Q--(C₂ -to-C₄ alkylidene)-- where each such radical may optionally be substituted with one, two or three radicals independently selected from --OR⁸, --S(O)_(s) R⁸, --S(O)₂ NR⁸ R^(8'), --NR⁸ R^(8'), --SO₃ H, ═NOR⁸, --R³⁹⁹ and --R⁴⁰⁰.

R¹, R⁶ and R⁷ in the above are independently chosen from (i) hydrogen; (ii) --C(═NH)NH₂ ; (iii) aryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; (iv) heterocyclic substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; and (v) alkyl having j carbon atoms where j is an integer between 1 and 10, inclusive, substituted with between zero and 5 but no more than j radicals selected from --OR⁸, --S(O)_(s) R⁸ where s is an integer between zero and two, inclusive, --S(O)₂ NR⁸ R^(8'), --NR⁸ R^(8'), --SO₃ H, ═NOR⁸, --R³⁹⁹ and --R⁴⁰⁰.

R² and R³ in the above are independently chosen from hydrogen, loweralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, --COOH, --COO--(loweralkyl), aminoalkyl, arylalkyl and carboxyalkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R² and R³ must be other than --COOH or --COO--(loweralkyl). Alternatively, R² and R³ taken together may be oxo.

R⁴ and R⁵ in the above are independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino, loweralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, --COOH, --COO--(loweralkyl), aminoalkyl, dialkylamino, arylalkyl, or carboxyalkyl, with the two provisos that (i) at least one of R⁴ and R⁵ must be other than --COOH or --COO--(loweralkyl), and (ii) at least one of R⁴ and R⁵ must be other than hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino or dialkylamino. Alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵ taken together may be oxo.

The number n in the above is an integer between zero and five, inclusive.

The radical R³⁹⁹ in the above is

(i) hydroxy;

(ii) --C(O)OH;

(iii) --C(O)OR⁸ ;

(iv) --(C₃ -to-C₇ cycloalkyl);

(v) oxo;

(vi) thiooxo;

(vii) epoxy;

(viii) halogen;

(ix) --CN;

(x) --N₃ ;

(xi) --NO₂ ;

(xii) --OR^(11') ;

(xiii) --OR^(12') ;

(xiv) --OR^(12") ; or

(xv) guanidino substituted by hydrogen, loweralkyl, aryl, acyl, arylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl or alkylsulfonyl.

The radical R⁴⁰⁰ in the above is

(i) aryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(ii) --Q--aryl where aryl is substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(iii) heterocyclic substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(iv) --Q--heterocyclic where heterocyclic is substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(v) biaryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(vi) --Q--biaryl where biaryl is substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(vii) --aryl--Q--aryl' where aryl and aryl' are the same or different and are independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(viii) --aryl--Q--heterocyclic where heterocyclic and aryl are independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(ix) --heterocyclic--Q--aryl where heterocyclic and aryl are independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(x) --heterocyclic-aryl where heterocyclic and aryl are independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; and

(xi) --aryl-heterocyclic where heterocyclic and aryl are independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³,

where the divalent radical --Q-- is

(i) --(C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl)--,

(ii) --(C₂ -to-C₆ alkenyl)--,

(iii) --(C₂ -to-C₆ alkynyl)--,

(iv) --(CH₂)_(m") O-- where m" is between zero and six, inclusive,

(v) --O(CH₂)_(m") --,

(vi) --N(R⁸)C(O)--,

(vii) --C(O)N(R⁸)--,

(viii) --S(O)_(s) --,

(ix) --N(R⁸)--,

(x) --N(R⁸)S(O)₂ --,

(xi) --S(O)₂ N(R⁸)--,

(xii) --C(O)--,

(xiii) --NN--,

(xiv) --CHN--,

(xv) --NCH--,

(xvi) --ONCH--, or

(xvii) --CHNO--.

The radicals R⁸ and R^(8') in the above are independently

(i) hydrogen;

(ii) aryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(iii) heterocyclic substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ;

(iv) --(C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl) substituted by R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³ ;

(v) --(C₃ -to-C₆ alkenyl) substituted by R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³ ; and

(vi) --(C₃ -to-C₆ alkynyl) substituted by R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³.

The radicals R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³ in the above are independently

(A) hydrogen,

(A') halogen,

(B) hydroxy,

(C) mono- or dialkylamino,

(D) carboxyl,

(E) carboxamido,

(F) thiol,

(G) alkylthioether,

(H) alkylether,

(I) guanidino,

(J) alkoxycarbonyl,

(K) arylalkoxycarbonyl,

(L) alkoxycarbonylamino,

(M) acylamino,

(N) arylalkoxycarbonylamino,

(O) aryloxycarbonylamino,

(P) acylguanidino,

(Q) arylsulfonylguanidino,

(R) alkoxycarbonylguanidino,

(S) amino,

(T) arylalkoxycarbonylguanidino,

(U) aryloxycarbonylguanidino,

(V) N-alkylcarboxamido,

(X) N,N-dialkylcarboxamido,

(Y) N-arylcarboxamido,

(Z) N,N-diarylcarboxamido,

(AA) --OSO₂ R¹¹,

(BB) oxo,

(CC) epoxy,

(DD) arylether,

(EE) arylthioether,

(FF) arylalkylether,

(GG) arylalkylthioether,

(HH) (heterocyclic)ether,

(II) (heterocyclic)thioether,

(JJ) (heterocylic)alkylether,

(KK) (heterocyclic)alkylthioether,

(LL) aryl,

(MM) heterocyclic,

(NN) --SO₃ H,

(OO) --S(O)₂ NR^(16') R^(16"), or

(PP) --S(O)_(s) R^(14'),

where each aryl and heterocyclic moiety is independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³,

R¹¹ is loweralkyl, arylalkyl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³, or aryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³,

R^(14') is hydrogen, loweralkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl, and

R^(16') and R^(16") are independently selected from hydrogen, loweralkyl, hydroxyloweralkyl, carboxyalkyl, thioloweralkyl, thioalkoxyalkyl, guanidinoalkyl, aminoalkyl and arylalkyl.

Alternatively, when appended to a nitrogen atom, R⁸ and R^(8') and the nitrogen atom to which they are connected may form a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally includes up to two additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) -- and --NR⁸ --.

The radicals R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ in the above are independently

(i) hydrogen;

(ii) --(C₁ -to-C₇ alkyl);

(iii) --(C₂ -to-C₆ alkenyl);

(iv) halogen;

(v) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R^(8'), where m is an integer between zero and four, inclusive;

(vi) --CN;

(vii) --CHO;

(viii) mono-, di-, tri-, or perhalogenated alkyl;

(ix) --S(O)_(s) R⁸ ;

(x) --C(O)NR⁸ R^(8') ;

(xi) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸ ;

(xii) --CH(OR^(12'))(OR^(12")), where R^(12') and R^(12") are independently --(C₁ -to-C₃ alkyl) or, taken together, form an ethylene or propylene bridge;

(xiii) --(CH₂)_(m) OC(O)R⁸ ;

(xiv) --(CH₂)_(m) C(O)OR⁸ ;

(xv) --OR^(11'), where R^(11') is selected from the group consisting of

(A) --PO(OH)O--M⁺, wherein M⁺ is a proton or a positively charged inorganic or organic counterion,

(B) --SO₃ --M⁺, and

(C) --C(O)(CH₂)_(m) C(O)O--M⁺ ;

(xvi) --S(O)₂ NR⁸ R^(8') ;

(xvii) --NO₂ ;

(xviii) --N₃ ; or

(xviv) guanidino optionally substituted by a radical selected from the group consisting of loweralkyl, aryl, acyl, arylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl and alkylsulfonyl,

subject to the proviso that each of substituents R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ may comprise no more than twenty non-hydrogen atoms.

Alternatively, taken together, any two adjacent R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ and the atoms to which they are attached may form it carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring having 5, 6 or 7 ring atoms which optionally includes one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) -- and --NR⁸ --.

In another aspect of the present invention are disclosed pharmaceutical compositions, comprising a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In a further aspect of the present invention is disclosed a method for treating a patient in need of immunomodulative therapy, comprising administering to such a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention for such time as is necessary to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Among the preferred compounds of the present invention are those having formula (I) in which:

Z is a radical having the formula ##STR7## n is an integer between zero and five, inclusive; and/or R¹, R⁶ and R⁷ are independently chosen from (i) hydrogen; (ii) --C(═NH)NH₂ ; (iii) aryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; and (iv) alkyl having j carbon atoms where j is an integer between 1 and 10, inclusive, substituted with between zero and 5 but no more than j radicals selected from --OR⁸, --S(O)_(s) R⁸ where s is zero through two, --S(O)₂ NR⁸ R^(8'), --NR⁸ R^(8'), --SO₃ H, ═NOR⁸, --R³⁹⁹ and --R⁴⁰⁰.

Also preferred are those compounds in which Z is --(C₂ -to-C₈ alkylidene)-- where the alkylidene moiety may be substituted with one, two or three radicals independently selected from --OR⁸, --S(O)_(s) R⁸, --S(O)₂ NR⁸ R^(8'), --NR⁸ R^(8'), --SO₃ H, ═NOR⁸, --R³⁹⁹ and --R⁴⁰⁰.

Representative of the compounds of the present invention are those which are demonstrated in Examples 6-43, 47, 54-60 and 62, below, and especially those of Examples 7, 13, 29 and 47. The most preferred of these compounds, and that contemplated as the best mode of the present invention, is the compound described in Example 7.

As used throughout this specification and in the appended claims, the following terms have the meanings specified:

The term "acyl" as used herein refers to an aryl or alkyl group, as defined below, appended to a carbonyl group including, but not limited to, acetyl, pivaloyl, benzoyl and the like.

The term "acylamino" as used herein refers to an aryl or alkyl group, as defined below, appended to a carbonyl group including, but not limited to, acetyl, pivaloyl, benzoyl and the like.

The term "acylguanidino" as used herein refers to an acyl group, as defined above, appended to a nitrogen of a guanidino radical in one of three ways: HN(acyl)C(NH)NH-- or H₂ NC(NH)N(acyl)-- or (acyl)NC(NH₂)HN--.

The term "alkenyl" as used herein refers to straight or branched chain groups of 2 to 12 carbon atoms containing a carbon-carbon double bond including, but not limited to ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl and the like.

The terms "alkoxy" and "alkylether" as used herein refer to a loweralkyl group, as defined below, attached to the remainder of the molecule through an oxygen atom including, but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.

The term "alkoxycarbonyl" as used herein refers to an alkoxy group, as defined above, attached via a carbonyl group including, but not limited to, methyloxycarbonyl, ethyloxycarbonyl, tert-butyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexyloxycarbonyl and the like.

The term "alkoxycarbonylamino" as used herein refers to an alkoxycarbonyl group, as defined above, appended to an amino group including, but not limited to, methyloxycarbonylamino, tert-butyloxycarbonylamino and the like.

The term "alkoxycarbonylguanidino" as used herein refers to an alkoxycarbonyl group, as defined above, appended to a nitrogen of a guanidino radical in one of three ways: HN(alkoxycarbonyl)C(NH)HN--, H₂ NC(NH)N(alkoxycarbonyl)-- or (alkoxycarbonyl)NC(NH₂)HN--.

The term "alkyl" as used herein refers to a monovalent straight chain or branched chain group of 1 to 12 carbon atoms including, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl and the like.

The term "N-alkylcarboxamido" as used herein refers to an alkylamino group, as defined above, attached via a carbonyl group and having the formula HN(alkyl)C(O)--.

The term "alkylidene" as used herein refers to a divalent straight or branched chain radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms including, but not limited to, ethylidine (or --CH₂ --CH₂ --), isopropylidine (or --CH(CH₃)--CH₂ --) and the like.

The term "alkylsulfonyl" as used herein refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, attached via a sulfur dioxide diradical including, but not limited to, methanesulfonyl, camphorsulfonyl and the like.

The terms "alkylthioether", "thioalkoxy" and "thioloweralkoxy" as used herein refer to a loweralkyl group, as previously defined, attached via a sulfur atom including, but not limited to, thiomethoxy, thioethoxy, thioisopropoxy, n-thiobutoxy, sec-thiobutoxy, isothiobutoxy, tert-thiobutoxy and the like.

The term "alkynyl" as used herein refers to straight or branched chain groups of 2 to 12 carbon atoms containing a carbon-carbon triple bond including, but not limited to acetylenyl, propargyl and the like.

The term "amidoalkyl" as used herein refers to a group having the structure --N(R⁴⁰¹)C(O)R⁴⁰² appended to a loweralkyl group, as previously defined. The groups R⁴⁰¹ and R⁴⁰² are independently selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, and halosubstituted alkyl. Alternatively, R⁴⁰¹ and R⁴⁰², taken together, may be --(CH₂)_(aa) -- where aa is an integer of from two to six, inclusive.

The term "aminoalkyl" as used herein refers to a group having the structure --NR⁴⁰³ R⁴⁰⁴ appended to a loweralkyl group, as previously defined. The groups R⁴⁰³ and R⁴⁰⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl. Alternatively, R⁴⁰³ and R⁴⁰⁴, taken together, may be --(CH₂)_(bb) -- where bb is an integer of from two to six, inclusive.

The terms "aryl" as used herein refers to carbocyclic aromatic groups including, but not limited to, phenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl, fluorenyl, (1,2)-dihydronaphthyl, (1,2,3,4)-tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl and the like.

The terms "arylalkoxy" and "arylalkylether" as used herein refer to an arylalkyl group, as defined below, attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Arylalkoxy includes, but is not limited to, benzyloxy, 2-phenethyloxy, 1-naphthylmethyloxy and the like.

The term "arylalkoxycarbonyl" as used herein refers to an arylalkoxy group, as defined above, attached via a carbonyl group including, but not limited to, benzyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl and the like.

The term "arylalkoxycarbonylamino" as used herein refers to an arylalkoxy group, as defined above, attached via a carbonyl group including, but not limited to, benzyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl and the like.

The term "arylalkoxycarbonylguanidino" as used herein refers to an arylalkoxycarbonyl group, as defined above, appended to a nitrogen of a guanidino radical in one of three ways: HN(arylalkoxycarbonyl)C(NH)HN--, H₂ NC(NH)N(arylalkoxycarbonyl)-- or (arylalkoxycarbonyl)NC(NH₂)HN--.

The term "arylalkyl" as used herein refers to an aryl group, as previously defined, appended to an alkyl group including, but not limited to, benzyl, 1- and 2-naphthylmethyl, halobenzyl, alkoxybenzyl, hydroxybenzyl, aminobenzyl, nitrobenzyl, guanidinobenzyl, fluorenylmethyl, phenylmethyl(benzyl), 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 1-naphthylethyl and the like.

The terms "arylalkylthioether" and "thioarylalkoxy" as used herein refer to an arylalkyl group, as previously defined, attached via a sulfur atom.

The term "N-arylcarboxamido" as used herein refers to an arylamino group, as defined above, attached via a carbonyl group and having the formula HN(aryl)C(O)--.

The terms "arylether" and "aryloxy" as used herein refer to an aryl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Aryloxy and arylether include, but are not limited to, phenoxy, 1-naphthoxy, 2-naphthoxy and the like.

The term "aryloxycarbonyl" as used herein refers to an aryloxy group, as defined above, attached via a carbonyl group including, but not limited to, phenyloxycarbonyl.

The term "aryloxycarbonylamino" as used herein refers to an aryloxycarbonyl group, as defined above, appended to an amino group including, but not limited to, phenyloxycarbonylamino.

The term "aryloxycarbonylguanidino" as used herein refers to an aryloxycarbonyl group, as defined above, appended to a nitrogen of a guanidino moiety in one of three ways: HN(aryloxycarbonyl)C(NH)HN--, H₂ NC(NH)N(aryloxycarbonyl)-- or (aryloxycarbonyl)NC(NH₂)HN--.

The term "arylsulfonyl" as used herein refers to an aryl group, as defined above, attached via a sulfur dioxide diradical including, but not limited to p-toluenesulfonyl, benzenesulfonyl and the like.

The term "arylsulfonylguanidino" as used herein refers to an arylsulfonyl group, as defined above, bonded to a nitrogen of a guanidino radical in one of three ways: HN(arylsulfonyl)C(NH)HN-- or H₂ NC(NH)N(arylsulfonyl)-- or (arylsulfonyl)NC(NH₂)HN--.

The terms "arylthioether" and "thioaryloxy" as used herein refer to an aryl group, as defined above, attached via a sulfur atom.

The term "biaryl" as used herein refers to an aryl group, as defined above, appended to an aryl group, wherein the two aryl groups need not be identical including, but not limited to, biphenyl, phenyl-[2-naphthyl]-- and the like.

The term "carboxamido" as used herein refers to an amino group attached via a carbonyl group and having the formula --C(O)NH₂.

The term "carboxyalkyl" as used herein refers to a carboxyl group, --CO₂ H, appended to a loweralkyl group, as defined below.

The term "cycloalkyl" as used herein refers to a cyclic group of 3 to 8 carbon atoms including, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.

The term "cycloalkylalkyl" as used herein refers to a cycloalkyl group appended to a loweralkyl group as defined below including, but not limited to, cyclohexylmethyl and cyclohexylethyl.

The term "dialkylamino" as used herein refers to a group having the structure --N(loweralkyl)(loweralkyl'), where the loweralkyl and loweralkyl' portions are the same or different and are as defined below. Dialkylamino groups include, for example, N,N-methylethylamino, N,N-methylisopropylamino, N,N-ethylisopropylamino and the like.

The term "N,N-dialkylcarboxamido" as used herein refers to an amino group substituted with two alkyl groups, as defined above, wherein the two alkyl groups need not be identical, attached via a carbonyl group and having the formula N(alkyl)(alkyl')C(O)--.

The term "N,N-diarylcarboxamido" as used herein refers to an amino group substituted with two aryl groups, as defined above, wherein the two aryl groups need not be identical, attached via a carbonyl group and having the formula N(aryl)(aryl')C(O)--.

The term "guanidinoalkyl" as used herein refers to a group of the structure --N(R⁴⁰⁵)C(═NR⁴⁰⁶)NHR⁴⁰⁷ appended to a loweralkyl group, as defined below. R⁴⁰⁵, R⁴⁰⁶ and R⁴⁰⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen, loweralkyl, heterocyclic, aminoalkyl and aryl. Alternatively, R⁴⁰⁶ and R⁴⁰⁷, taken together, may be --(CH₂)_(cc) -- where cc is an integer of from two to six, inclusive.

The terms "halo" and "halogen" as used herein refer to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The term "heterocyclic" as used herein, except where otherwise specified, refers to any aromatic or non-aromatic 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic group comprising fused six-membered rings having between one and three heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, wherein (i) each 5-membered ring has 0 to 2 double bonds and each 6-membered ring has 0 to 3 double bonds, (ii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms as well as the carbon atoms may optionally be oxidized by unsaturation and/or substitution by hydroxy, thiol, oxo or thiooxo, (iii) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, (iv) any of the above heterocyclic rings may be fused to a benzene ring. Representative heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, cytosinyl, thiocytosinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyridyl, piperidinyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, xanthenyl, xanthonyl, xanthopterinyl, oxazoyl, oxazolidinyl, thiouracilyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, uracilyl, urazolyl, uricyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoquinolinyl, thyminyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furyl, thienyl and benzothienyl.

The term "(heterocyclic)alkyl" as used herein refers to a heterocyclic group appended to an alkyl group, as previously defined.

The term "(heterocyclic)alkylether" as used herein refers to a (heterocyclic)alkyl moiety, as defined above, attached via an oxygen atom.

The term "(heterocyclic)alkylthioether" as used herein refers to a (heterocyclic)alkyl moiety, as defined above, attached via a sulfur atom.

The term "(heterocyclic)ether" as used herein refers to a heterocyclic moiety, as defined above, attached via an oxygen atom.

The term "(heterocyclic)thioether" as used herein refers to a heterocyclic moiety, as defined above, attached via a sulfur atom.

The terms "hydroxyalkyl" and "hydroxyloweralkyl" as used herein refer to --OH appended to a loweralkyl group, as defined below.

The term "hydroxy-protecting group" as used herein refers to those groups which are known in the art to protect a hydroxy group against undesirable reaction during synthetic procedures and to be selectively removable including, but not limited to, dimethylthexylsilyl, trisubstituted silyl such as tri(lower)alkylsilyl (e.g. trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, tributylsilyl, tri-i-propylsilyl, tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl, tri-tert-butylsilyl, triphenylmethyl-dimethylsilyl, etc.); lower alkyldiarylsilyl (e.g. methyl-diphenylsilyl, ethyl-diphenylsilyl, propyl-diphenylsilyl, tert-butyl-diphenylsilyl, etc.), and the like; triarysilyl (e.g. triphenylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, etc.); triarylalkylsilyl (e.g. tribenzylsilyl, etc.), acyl substituted with an aromatic group and the like. Other classes of hydroxy-protecting group which may be useful include, but are not limited to, chlorocarbonate analogues such as trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl, methylthiomethoxyethoxycarbonyl or benzenesulfonylethoxycarbonyl; trimethylsilylethoxymethyl and the like.

The term "loweralkyl" as used herein refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, of 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

The terms "monoalkylamino" and "dialkylamino" refer respectively to one and two alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, as defined above, appended to an amino group including, but not limited to, methylamino, isopropylamino, cyclohexylamino, dimethylamino, N,N-methylisopropylamino; bis-(cyclohexyl)amino and the like.

The term "oxo" as used herein refers to an oxygen atom forming a carbonyl group.

The term "thioalkoxyalkyl" as used herein refers to a thioalkoxy group, as defined above, appended to a loweralkyl group.

The terms "thioalkyl" and "thioloweralkyl" as used herein refer to a loweralkyl group, as defined above, attached via a sulfur atom.

The term "thiooxo" as used herein refers to a sulfur atom forming a thiocarbonyl group.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, amides and prodrugs" as used herein refers to those carboxylate salts, amino acid addition salts, esters, amides and prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with with the tissues of humans and lower animals undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the invention. The term "salts" refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactiobionate and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. These may include cations based on the alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and the like, as well as nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium and amine cations including, but not limited to, ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine and the like. (See, for example S. M. Berge, et al., "Pharmaceutical Salts," J. Pharm. Sci., 66: 1-19 (1977) which is incorporated herein by reference.)

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic esters of the compounds of this invention include C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl esters wherein the alkyl group is a straight or branched chain. Acceptable esters also include C₅ -to-C₇ cycloalkyl esters as well as arylalkyl esters such as, but not limited to benzyl. C₁ -to-C₄ alkyl esters are preferred. Esters of the compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to conventional methods.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic amides of the compounds of this invention include amides derived from ammonia, primary C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl amines and secondary C₁ -to-C₆ dialkyl amines wherein the alkyl groups are straight or branched chain. In the case of secondary amines the amine may also be in the form of a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom. Amides derived from ammonia, C₁ -to-C₃ alkyl primary amides and C₁ -to-C₂ dialkyl secondary amides are preferred. Amides of the compounds of the invention may be prepared according to conventional methods.

The term "prodrug" refers to compounds that are rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the above formula, for example by hydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, "Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems", Vol 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Preferred prodrugs include:

(a) acyloxymethyl esters of carboxylic acids, for example, --C(O)--O--CH₂ --O--C(O)--t--Bu, --C(O)--O--CH(CH₃)--O--C(O)--OCH₂ CH₃ or --C(O)--O--Re wherein Re is ##STR8## and the like; (b) (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl esters of carboxylic acids;

(c) esters derived from alcohol groups in the parent drug by reaction with succinic acid, phosphoric acid, dialkylaminoacetic acid or an amino acid, for example, --O--C(O)--R^(f) wherein R^(f) is (CH₃)₂ NCH₂ --, NH₂ CH₂ --, n-PrNHCH₂ --, NH₂ CH₂ CH₂ --, (CH₃)₂ NCH₂ CH₂ --, (CH₃)₂ NCH₂ CH₂ CH₂ --, N-morpholinylmethyl, N-methyl-N'-piperazinylmethyl, phenyl, CH₃ CH₂ CH₂ --, CH₃ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ -- or HO(O)CCH₂ CH₂ --, and the like;

(d) N-Mannich bases of amides or amines, for example, --C(O)--NH--CH₂ R^(c) or --NH--CH₂ R^(c) wherein R^(c) is piperidin-1-yl, morpholin-1-yl, N-phenethylamino, N-phenylpropanolamino, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, HO(O)C--CH(CH₃)--NH--, phenyl--NH-- or p-CH₃ -phenyl--NH--, and the like;

(e) N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of amides, for example, --C(O)--NH--CH₂ OH;

(f) N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives of amides or heterocyclic amines, for example, --C(O)--NH--Rg or ═N--Rg wherein Rg is acetoxymethyl, butyryloxymethyl, benzoyloxymethyl, nicotinoyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylglycyloxymethyl, N,N-diethylglycyloxymethyl, N,N-dipropylgylcyloxymethyl, phenylalanyloxymethyl, leucyloxymethyl, phenylglycyloxymethyl or N,N-diethylalanyloxymethyl, and the like;

(g) oxazolidinones derived from ketone groups in the parent drug by reaction with 2-aminoethanol, N-methyl-2-aminoethanol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanol, 2-aminopropanol, 2-amino-2-methylpropanol, 2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropanol, 3-amino-2-hydroxypropane, 2-amino-1-phenylethanol, 3-aminopropanol or N-methyl-2-amino-1-phenylpropanol, and the like; and

(h) enol esters derived from ketone groups in the parent drug, for example, acetyl enol esters, propionyl enol esters, butyryl enol esters, isobutyryl enol esters, pivaloyl enol esters, benzoyl enol esters or N,N-dimethylglycyl enol esters, and the like.

Where appropriate, prodrugs of derivatives of compounds of the present invention may be prepared by any suitable method. For those compounds in which the prodrug moiety is an amino acid or peptide functionality, the condensation of the amino group with amino acids and peptides may be effected in accordance with conventional condensation methods such as the azide method, the mixed acid anhydride method, the DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimede) method, the active ester method (p-nitrophenyl ester method, N-hydroxysuccinic acid imide ester method, cyanomethyl ester method and the like), the Woodward reagent K method, the DCC-HOBT (1-hydroxy-benzotriazole) method and the like. Classical methods for amino acid condensation reactions are described in "Peptide Synthesis" Second Edition, M. Bodansky, Y. S. Klausner and M. A. Ondetti (1976).

As in conventional peptide sysnthesis, branched chain amino and carboxyl groups at alpha and omega positions in amino acids may be protected and deprotected if necessary. The protecting groups for amino groups which can be used involve, for example, benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), o-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl ((2-Cl)Z)), p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (Z(NO₂)), p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (Z(OMe)), t-amyloxycarbonyl (Aoc), isobornealoxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl (Adoc), 2-(4-biphenyl)-2-propyloxy carbonyl (Bpoc), 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), methylsulfonylethoxy carbonyl (Msc), trifluoroacetyl, phthalyl, formyl, 2-nitrophenylsulfonyl (Nps), diphenylphosphinothioyl (Ppt) and dimethylphosphino-thioyl (Mpt).

The examples for protecting groups for carboxyl groups involve, for example, benzyl ester (OBzl), cyclohexyl ester, 4-nitrobenzyl ester (OBzlNO₂), t-butyl ester (OtBu), 4-pyridylmethyl ester (OPic) and the like.

In the course of the synthesis of certain of the compounds of the present invention, specific amino acids having functional groups other than amino and carboxyl groups in the branched chain such as arginine, cysteine, serine and the like may be protected, if necessary, with suitable protecting groups. It is preferable that, for example, the guanidino group (NG) in arginine may be protected with nitro, p-toluenesulfonyl (Tos), benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), adamantyloxycarbonyl (Adoc), p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, 4-methoxy-2,6-dimethyl-benzenesulfonyl (Mts) and the like; the thiol group in cysteine may be protected with benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, triphenylmethyl, acetamidomethyl, ethylcarbamyl, 4-methylbenzyl (4-MeBzl), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl (Tmb) and the like; and the hydroxy group in serine may be protected with benzyl (Bzl), t-butyl, acetyl, tetrahydropyranyl (THP) and the like.

Numerous asymmetric centers may exist in the compounds of the present invention. Except where otherwise noted, the present invention contemplates the various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof. Accordingly, whenever a bond is represented by a wavy line, it is intended that both steric orientations are intended.

The compounds of the invention, including but not limited to those specified in the examples, possess immunomodulatory activity in animals. As immunosuppressants, the compounds of the present invention may be useful for the treatment and prevention of immune-mediated diseases such as the resistance by transplantation of organs or tissue such as heart, kidney, liver, medulla ossium, skin, cornea, lung, pancreas, intestinum tenue, limb, muscle, nervus, duodenum, small-bowel, pancreatic-islet-cell, etc.; graft-versus-host diseases brought about by medulla ossium transplantation; autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, glomerulonephritis, and the like; and further infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Further uses may include the treatment and prophylaxis of inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin diseases and cutaneous manifestations of immunologically-mediated illnesses, such as psoriasis, atopical dermatitis, contact dermatitis and further eczematous dermatitises, seborrhoeis dermatitis, Lichen planus, Pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, Epidermolysis bullosa, urticaria, angioedemas, vasculitides, erythemas, cutaneous eosinophilias, Lupus erythematosus, acne and Alopecia areata; various eye diseases (autoimmune and otherwise) such as keratoconjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, uveitis associated with Behcet's disease, keratitis, herpetic keratitis, conical cornea, dystrophia epithelialis corneae, corneal leukoma, ocular pemphigus, Mooren's ulcer, Scleritis, Graves' opthalmopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, sarcoidosis, etc.; reversible obstructive airway disease, which includes condition such as asthma (for example, bronchial asthma, allergic asthma, intrinsic asthma, extrinsic asthma and dust asthma), particularly chronic or inveterate asthma (for example, late asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness), bronchitis and the like; inflammation of mucosa and blood vessels such as gastric ulcers, vascular damage caused by ischemic diseases and thrombosis, ischemic bowel diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal lesions associated with thermal burns and leukotriene B₄ -mediated diseases; intestinal inflammations/allergies such as Coeliac diseases, proctitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, mastocytosis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; food-related allergic diseases which have symptomatic manifestation remote from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. migraine, rhinitis and eczema); renal diseases such as interstitial nephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, hemolytic-uremic syndrome and diabetic nephropathy; nervous diseases such as multiple myositis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Meniere's disease, polyneuritis, multiple neuritis, mononeuritis and radiculopathy; endocrine diseases such as hyperthyroidism and Basedow's disease; hematic diseases such as pure red cell aplasia, aplastic anemia, hypoplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia and anerythroplasia; bone diseases such as osteoporosis; respiratory diseases such as sarcoidosis, fibroid lung and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia; skin disease such as dermatomyositis, leukoderma vulgaris, ichthyosis vulgaris, photoallergic sensitivity and cutaneous T cell lymphoma; circulatory diseases such as arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, aortitis syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa and myocardosis; collagen diseases such as scleroderma, Wegener's granuloma and Sjogren's syndrome; adiposis; eosinophilic fasciitis; periodontal disease such as lesions of gingiva, periodontium, alveolar bone and substantia ossea dentis; nephrotic syndrome such as glomerulonephritis; male pattern aleopecia or alopecia senilis by preventing epilation or providing hair germination and/or promoting hair generation and hair growth; muscular dystrophy; Pyoderma and Sezary's syndrome; Addison's disease; active oxygen-mediated diseases, as for example organ injury such as ischemia-reperfusion injury of organs (such as heart, liver, kidney and digestive tract) which occurs upon preservation, transplantation or ischemic disease (for example, thrombosis and cardiac infraction): intestinal diseases such as endotoxin-shock, pseudomembranous colitis and colitis caused by drug or radiation; renal diseases such as ischemic acute renal insufficiency and chronic renal insufficiency; pulmonary diseases such as toxinosis caused by lung-oxygen or drug (for example, paracort and bleomycins), lung cancer and pulmonary emphysema; ocular diseases such as cataracta, siderosis, retinitis, pigmentosa, senile macular degeneration, vitreal scarring and corneal alkali burn; dermatitis such as erythema multiforme, linear IgA ballous dermatitis and cement dermatitis; and others such as gingivitis, periodontitis, sepsis, pancreatitis, diseases caused by environmental pollution (for example, air pollution), aging, carcinogenis, metastasis of carcinoma and hypobaropathy; disease caused by histamine or leukotriene-C₄ release; Behcet's disease such as intestinal-, vasculo- or neuro-Behcet's disease, and also Behcet's which affects the oral cavity, skin, eye, vulva, articulation, epididymis, lung, kidney and so on. Furthermore, the compounds of the invention are useful for the treatment and prevention of hepatic disease such as immunogenic diseases (for example, chronic autoimmune liver diseases such as the group consisting of autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis), partial liver resection, acute liver necrosis (e.g. necrosis caused by toxin, viral hepatitis, shock or anoxia), B-virus hepatitis, non-A/non-B hepatitis, cirrhosis (such as alcoholic cirrhosis) and hepatic failure such as fulminant hepatic failure, late-onset hepatic failure and "acute-on-chronic" liver failure (acute liver failure on chronic liver diseases), and moreover are useful for various diseases because of their useful activity such as augmention of chemotherapeutic effect, preventing or treating activity of cytomegalovirus infection, particularly HCMV infection, anti-inflammatory activity, and so on.

Additionally, some compounds appear to possess FK-506 antagonistic properties. The compounds of the present invention may thus be used in the treatment of immunodepression or a disorder involving immunodepression. Examples of disorders involving immunodepression include AIDS, cancer, senile dementia, trauma (including wound healing, surgery and shock) chronic bacterial infection, and certain central nervous system disorders. The immunodepression to be treated may be caused by an overdose of an immunosuppressive macrocyclic compound, for example derivatives of 12-(2-cyclohexyl-1-methylvinyl)-13,19,21,27-tetramethyl-11,28-dioxa-4-azatricyclo[22.3.1.0⁴,9 ]octacos-18-ene such as FK-506, or rapamycin. Overdosing of such medicants by patients is quite common upon their realizing that they have forgotten to take their medication at the prescribed time and can lead to serious side effects.

The compounds of the present invention may also find utility in the chemosensitization of drug resistant target cells. Cyclosporin A and FK-506 are known to be effective modulators of P-glycoprotein, a compound which binds to and inhibits the action of anticancer drugs; by inhibiting P-glycoprotein, they are capable of increasing the sensitivity of multidrug resistant (MDR) cells to chemotherapeutic agents. It is believed that the compounds of the invention may likewise be effective at overcoming resistance expressed to clinically useful antitumor drugs such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, methotrexate, vincristine, vinblastine and adriamycin, colchicine and vincristine.

A further situation in which the compounds of the present invention may be used to treat immunosuppression is in vaccination. It is sometimes found that the antigen introduced into the body for the acquisition of immunity from disease acts as an immunosuppressive agent, and so antibodies are not produced by the body and immunity is not acquired. By introducing a compound of the invention into the body (as in a vaccine), the undesired immunosuppression may be overcome and immunity acquired.

Aqueous liquid compositions of the present invention may be particularly useful for the treatment and prevention of various diseases of the eye such as autoimmune diseases (including, for example, conical cornea, keratitis, dysophia epithelialis corneae, leukoma, Mooren's ulcer, sclevitis and Graves' ophthalmopathy) and rejection of corneal transplantation.

When used in the above or other treatments, a therapeutically effective amount of one of the compounds of the present invention may be employed in pure form or, where such forms exist, in pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug form. Alternatively, the compound may be administered as pharmaceutical compositions containing the compound of interest in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. By a "therapeutically effective amount" of the compound of the invention is meant a sufficient amount of the compound to treat gastrointestinal disorders, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required for to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

The total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a human or lower animal may range from about 0.001 to about 3 mg/kg/day. For purposes of oral administration, more preferable doses may be in the range of from about 0.005 to about 1.5 mg/kg/day. If desired, the effective daily dose may be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration; consequently, single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, which may be administered orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, drops or transdermal patch), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray. By "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is meant a non-toxic solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. The term "parenteral" as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention for parenteral injection comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), carboxymethylcellulose and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil), and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservative, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like, Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of the drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides) Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as filers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Topical administration includes administration to the skin or mucosa, including surfaces of the lung and eye. Compositions for topical administration, including those for inhalation, may be prepared as a dry powder which may be pressurized or non-pressurized. In non-pressurized powder compositions, the active ingredient in finely divided form may be used in admixture with a larger-sized pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier comprising particles having a size, for example, of up to 100 micrometers in diameter. Suitable inert carriers include sugars such as lactose. Desirably, at least 95% by weight of the particles of the active ingredient have an effective particle size in the range of 0.01 to 10 micrometers.

Alternatively, the composition may be pressurized and contain a compressed gas, such as nitrogen or a liquefied gas propellant. The liquefied propellant medium and indeed the total composition is preferably such that the active ingredient does not dissolve therein to any substantial extent. The pressurized composition may also contain a surface active agent. The surface active agent may be a liquid or solid non-ionic surface active agent or may be a solid anionic surface active agent. It is preferred to use the solid anionic surface active agent in the form of a sodium salt.

A further form of topical administration is to the eye, as for the treatment of immune-mediated conditions of the eye such as autoimmune diseases, allergic or inflammatory conditions, and corneal transplants. The compound of the invention is delivered in a pharmaceutically acceptable ophthalmic vehicle, such that the compound is maintained in contact with the ocular surface for a sufficient time period to allow the compound to penetrate the corneal and internal regions of the eye, as for example the anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous body, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, cornea, iris/cilary, lens, choroid/retina and sclera. The pharmaceutically acceptable ophthalmic vehicle may, for example, be an ointment, vegetable oil or an encapsulating material.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at room temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposomes. As is known in the art, liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used. The present compositions in liposome form can contain, in addition to a compound of the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients, and the like. The preferred lipids are the phospholipids and the phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins), both natural and synthetic. Methods to form liposomes are known in the art. See, for example, Prescott, Ed., Methods in Cell Biology, Volume XIV, Academic Press, New York, N.Y. (1976), p. 33 et seq.

The compounds of the invention may be prepared using one or more of the processes which follow. The starting materials for use in these processes are preferably one of the macrolides isolated from culture media obtained in accordance with known methods by fermentation of microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces, which are disclosed in European Patent Application No. 0184162. Samples are available from the Fermentation Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty, under deposit No. FERM BP-927. This strain has been redeposited on Apr. 27, 1989 with the Agricultural Research Culture Collection International Depository, Peoria, Ill. 61604, USA under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty, under deposit No. NRRL 18488. The macrolide FR-900520 (European Patent Application 0184162), also known as ascomycin, may be prepared in accordance to the published methods of (i) H. Hatanaka, M. Iwami, T. Kino, T. Goto and M. Okuhara, FR-900520 and FR-900523, Novel immunosuppressants isolated from A streptomyces. I. Taxonomy of the producing strain. J. Antibiot., 1988. XLI(11), 1586-1591; (ii) H. Hatanaka, T. Kino, S. Miyata, N. Inamura, A. Kuroda, T. Goto, H. Tanaka and M. Okuhara, FR-900520 and FR-900523, Novel immunosuppressants isolated from A streptomyces. II. Fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical and biological characteristics. J. Antibiot., 1988. XLI(11), 1592-1601; (iii) T. Arai, Y. Koyama, T. Suenaga and H. Honda, Ascomycin, An Antifungal Antibiotic. J. Antibiot., 1962. 15(231-2); and (iv) T. Arai in U.S. Pat. No. 3,244,592. One or more of the processes discussed below may be then employed to produce the desired compound of the invention.

Such processes comprise:

(a) producing a compound of formula I, which contains bis(CH--OR) groups, in a corresponding compound wherein R is a protecting group.

(b) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a mono(CH--OR) group, by selective deprotection in a corresponding compound wherein R is a protecting group.

(c) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--OR group, by selective activation of a selected CH--OH group in a corresponding compound wherein --OR is a leaving group which is easily displaced by nucleophilic attack.

(d) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--R¹⁰⁰ group, by selective displacement of a selected CH--OR group in a corresponding compound wherein --R¹⁰⁰ is a nucleophile.

(e) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--OH group, by selective and final deprotection in a corresponding compound.

In process (a), suitable protecting groups for hydroxyl include those groups well known in the art such as dimethylthexylsilyl, trisubstituted silyl such as tri(lower)alkylsilyl (e.g. trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, tributylsilyl, tri-i-propylsilyl, tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl, tri-tert-butylsilyl, triphenylmethyl-dimethylsilyl, etc.); lower alkyldiarylsilyl (e.g. methyl-diphenylsilyl, ethyl-diphenylsilyl, propyl-diphenylsilyl, tert-butyl-diphenylsilyl, etc.), and the like; triarysilyl (e.g. triphenylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, etc.); triarylalkylsilyl (e.g. tribenzylsilyl, etc.), and the like, in which the preferred one may be tri(C₁ -to-C₄)alkylsilyl and C₁ -to-C₄ alkyldiphenylsilyl, and the most preferred one may be tert-butyldimethylsilyl;

Suitable o-silylations may be carried out using a wide variety of organosilicon reagents such as, but not limitted to tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (Mawhinney, T., and Madison, M. A. J. Org. Chem., 1982, 47, 3336), tert-butylchlorodiphenylsilane (Hanessian, S. and Lavallee, P Can. J. Chem., 1975, 63, 2975), tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (Mander, L. N. and Sethi, S. P. Tetrahedron Lett., 1984, 25, 5953), dimethylthexylsilyl chloride or dimethylthexylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (Wetter, H. and Oertle, K. Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 5515), 1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-imidazole and the like.

Carbonate hydroxy-protecting groups may be introduced using a wide variety of a haloformates such as methy, ethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, isobutyl, vinyl, allyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl, 2-(benzenesulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy methyl, benzyl and substituted benzyl chloroformates, where benzyl substituents include p-methoxy, 3,4-dimethoxy and p-nitro, in the presence of tertiary base such as pyridine, triethylamine, imidazole, diisopropylethylamine and the like. (Tetrahedron Lett., 1980, 21, 3343; ibid., 1981, 22, 3667; ibid. 1981, 22, 969; ibid. 1981, 22, 1933.)

The reaction may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., diethylether, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). The reaction may require cooling or heating, depending on the activation method chosen. Further, the reaction is preferably conducted in the presence of an organic or inorganic base such as an alkaline earth metal (e.g. calcium, etc.), alkali metal hydride (e.g. sodium hydride, etc.), alkali metal hydroxide (e.g. sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.), alkali metal carbonate (e.g. sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, etc.), alkali metal hydrogen carbonate (e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, etc.), alkali metal alkoxide (e.g. sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, etc.), alkali metal alkanoic acid (e.g. sodium acetate, etc.), trialkylamine (e.g. triethylamine, etc.), pyridine compounds (e.g. pyridine, lutidine, picoline, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, etc.), quinoline, and the like, preferably in the presence of organic bases such as imidazole, triethylamine or pyridine.

The reaction may also be carried out using a starting material having an opposite configuration at a carbon center. In this situation, the following two additional steps are required to yield a starting material having an epimeric hydroxyl moiety: (1) the alcohol is oxidized to its corresponding ketone; and (2) the obtained ketone is reduced under selective conditions. Both chiral centers having either [R]- or [S]-configuration can be obtained selectively and separately.

In process (b), suitable reagents for selective deprotection of a protecting group from C-32 may be carefully carried out using, but not limited to aqueous hydrogen fluoride in acetonitrile (Newton, R. F., Reynolds, D. P., Finch, M. A. W., Kelly, D. R. and Roberts, S. M. Tetrahedron Lett., 1979, 3891), tetraalkyl ammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran (Corey, E. J. and Snider, B. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, 94, 2549, Corey, E. J. and Venkateswarlu, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, 94, 6190) or tetraalkyl ammonium chloride-potassium fluoride in acetonitrile (Carpino, L. A. and Sau, A. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1979, 514) wherein an alkyl group as defined above, p-toluenesulfonic acid, potassium carbonate in anhydrous methanol (Hurst, D. T. and MaInnes, A. G. Can. J. Chem., 1965, 43, 2004), citric acid in methanol (Bundy, G. L. and Peterson, D. C. Tetrahedron Lett., 1978, 41), acetic acid:water (3:1) (Corey, E. J. and Varma, R. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1971, 93, 7319), Dowex 50W-X8 in methanol (Corey, E. J., Ponder, J. W. and Ulrich, P. Tetrahedron Lett., 1980, 21, 137), boron trifluoride etherate in chloroform (Kelly, D. R., Roberts, M. S. and Newton, R. F. Synth. Commun. 1979, 9, 295), methanolic hydrogen fluoride (Hanessian, S. and Lavallee, P. Can. J. Chem., 1975, 53, 2975; ibid., 1977, 55, 562), and pyridinuim fluoride in tetrahydrofuran (Nicolaou, K. C., Seitz, S. P., Pavia, M. R. and Petasis, N. A. J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44, 4011), pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate in ethanol (Prakash, C., Saleh, S. and Blair, I. A. Tetrahedron Lett., 1989, 30, 19), N-bromosuccinimide in dimethylsulfoxide (Batten, R. J. et al., Synthesis, 1980, 234), and tetraethyldiboroxane in the presence of catalytic amounts of trimethylsilyl triflate (Dahlhoff, W. V. and Taba, K. M., Synthesis, 1986, 561).

The reaction is usually conducted under from cooling to heating, preferably from 0° C. to 50° C. The reaction may require 20 minutes to one day, depending on the reagent and temperature chosen.

In process (c), suitable reagents for activation of an alcohol include acetic anhydride, trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (triflic anhydride), fluorosulfonic anhydride, methanesulfonyl chloride (mesyl chloride), p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (tosyl chloride), trifluoroacetic anhydride, trifluoroacetyl chloride, o-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, 1-methyl-2-fluoro-pyridinium salt and the like.

The activation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., diethylether, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). The reaction may require cooling or heating, depending on the activation method chosen. Further, the reaction is preferably conducted in the presence of an organic or inorganic base such as an alkaline earth metal (e.g. calcium, etc.), alkali metal hydride (e.g. sodium hydride, etc.), alkali metal hydroxide (e.g. sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.), alkali metal carbonate (e.g. sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, etc.), alkali metal hydrogen carbonate (e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, etc.), alkali metal alkoxide (e.g. sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, etc.), alkali metal alkanoic acid (e.g. sodium acetate, etc.), trialkylamine (e.g. triethylamine, etc.), pyridine compounds (e.g. pyridine, lutidine, picoline, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, etc.), quinoline, and the like, preferably in the presence of organic bases such as triethylamine or pyridine.

The reaction is usually conducted under from cooling to heating, preferably from -70° C. to 50° C. The reaction may require 20 minutes to one day, depend on the reagent and temperature chosen.

In process (d), a variety of compounds may be prepared from the displacement reactions. An activated hydroxyl group may be reacted with a primary or secondary amine (as defined above and below). The displacement reaction may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. chloroform, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature, preferably from 0° C. to 50° C. The reaction may require 20 minutes to one week, depend on the reagent chosen.

In process (e), a final deprotection of C-24 protecting group may be carried out according to the method described in process (c).

The compounds, processes and uses of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following examples, which are intended as an illustration of and not a limitation upon the scope of the invention. Both below and throughout the specification, it is intended that citations to the literature are expressly incorporated by reference.

Example 1: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy; R₁₀₄ =tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy; R₁₀₅ =H

Ascomycin (25 g, 0.032 mol, Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H) was dissolved in a solution of imidazole (43.03 g, 0.64 mol) in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (500 mL) and tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane (47.64 g, 0.32 mol) was added in portions and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. N,N-dimethylformamide and excess tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane were removed by distillation (bath 35° C.) under high vacuum. The solid residue was dissolved in 350 mL of ethylacetate, and the ethyl acetate layer was washed with saturated ammonium chloride aq. solution (200 mL×3), 10 %-NaHSO₄ (200 mL×3), brine, saturated NaHCO₃ (200 mL×3), and brine (200 mL×3). After dried over MgSO₄, solvent was removed in vacuo and the solid residue was purified by silica gel chromatography, followed by HPLC eluting with 5% acetone in hexanes providing the title compound (27 g) in 84% yield. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1058.

Example 2: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy; R₁₀₄ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H

To a solution of 48% hydrofluoric acid (3 mL) was added Example 1 (32 g, 0.031 mol) in acetonitrile (500 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 90 min. It was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath, and solid NaHCO₃ was added to the reaction mixture. It was stirred for 1 hr and solid was removed by filtration. Acetonitrile was removed in vacuo and ethyl acetate (500 mL) was added to the residue, and the organic layer was washed with 10%-NaHCO₃ (300 mL×3), brine (250 mL), 10%--NaHSO₄ (300 mL×3), and brine (350 mL×3), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave 35 g of crude title compound which was purified by silica gel column chromatography, followed by HPLC eluting with 25%-acetone in hexane. 24.28 g (85%) of pure compound was obtained. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=844;

In addition to the title compound, unreacted starting material (Example 1, 1.5 g) and ascomycin (500 mg) were isolated as a pure form.

Example 3: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy; R₁₀₄ =O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl; R₁₀₅ =H

The product of Example 2 (4.0 g, 4.42 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL of methylene chloride at 0° C. Pyridine (3.57 mL, 44.2 mmol), followed by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride (0.74 mL, 4.42 mmol) were carefully added to the reaction mixture. It was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min and the solvent was removed. Ethyl acetate (50 mL) was added to the residue. The organic layers were washed with brine, saturated NaHCO₃ (20 mL×3), brine (20 mL), 10%-NaHSO₄ (20 mL×3), brine (20 mL×3) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent was removed, the title compound was obtained in quantitative yield (4.2 g). This compound was used for the displacement reaction without further purification and characterization.

Example 4: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ = and R⁷ taken together=--(CH₂)₂ --O--(CH₂)₂ --

The product of Example 3 (1.97 g, 1.90 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL of freshly distilled methylene chloride, N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine (0.70 mL, 7.6 mmol) and triethylamine (1.07 mL, 7.6 mmol) were added, and the reaction was then stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was directly poured onto silica gel column and eluted to obtain semi-pure title compound (1.7 mg) in 89% yield. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K =1056. M+H=1017.

Example 5: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ = and R⁷ taken together=--(CH₂)₂ --O--(CH₂)₂ --

The product of Example 4 (1.7 g, 1.7 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (10 mL), 48% hydrogen fluoride aqueous solution (48%-HF, 2.0 mL) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was added, and the reaction was then stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. It was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath, and solid NaHCO₃ was added to the reaction mixture. It was stirred for 0.5 hr and solid was removed by filtration. Acetonitrile was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by RP-HPLC, eluting with acetonitrile-water-0.01% trifluoroacetic acid system. Recovered starting material (805 mg) and pure title compound (366 mg) were obtained. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=904. Deprotection of C-24 protected C-32 adducts such as that obtained in example 4 can be performed under slightly different conditions to give less recovered starting materials: the C-24 protected C-32 adduct (500 mg) is dissolved in acetonitrile (5 mL), 48% hydrogen fluoride aqueous solution (48%-HF, 2.0 mL) in acetonitrile (3 mL) was added, and the reaction is then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. It is cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath, and solid NaHCO₃ is added to the reaction mixture. It is stirred for 0.5 hr and solid is removed by filtration. Acetonitrile is removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by RP-HPLC, eluting with acetonitrile-water-0.01% trifluoroacetic acid system to give pure titled compound.

Example 6: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =--(CH₂)₃ --NH₂

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with 3,3'-diamino-N-methyldipropylamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 7: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with 3-dimethylaminopropylamine provided the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification was performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=876, M+K=914.

Example 8: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=2; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with 4-dimethylaminobutane provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 9: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Bu; R⁷ =Bu

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with 3-(di-N-butylamino)-propylamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 10: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =OH; n=1; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =Et

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with 1-amino-3-diethylamino-2-propanol provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 11: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =--(CH2)2--OH; R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ --OH

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with N,N-bis[(hydroxyethyl)trimethylene]diamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct, Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 12: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =Me; R⁴ =Me; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with N,N,2,2-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 13: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =Et

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with N,N-diethylethylenediamine provided the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification was performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=890, M+K=928. Anal. calc'd. for C₄₉ H₈₃ N₃ O₁₁ -2 TFA: C, 56.92; H, 7.66; N, 3.75. Found: C, 57.77; H, 7.81; N, 3.81.

Example 14: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶, R⁷ and the nitrogen to which they are attached=NMe₃ Cl

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with (2-aminoethyl)trimethylammonium chloride provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 15: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 16: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =--(CH2)2--OH; R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ --OH

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 17: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =Me; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with 1-(dimethylamino)-2-propylamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 18: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =Me; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with N-2,N-2-dimethyl-1,2-propanediamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 19: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =iPr; R⁷ =iPr

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with N,N-diisopropylethylenediamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 20: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =--(CH₂)₂ --NH₂ ; R⁷ =--C₁₂ H₂₅

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with 4-dodecyldiethylenetriamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 21: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ --NEt₂

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with 1,1,4-triethyl diethylenetriamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 22: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ --OH

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with N-ethyl-N-beta-hydroxyethylethylenediamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 23: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Bu

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with 2-(methyl-N-butylamino)ethylamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 24a and 24b: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =CO2H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me and Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =CO2H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with dl-4-azaleucine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compounds.

Example 25: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Me; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

The product of Example 3 (2.1 g, 2.03 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of freshly distilled methylene chloride, N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine (10.15 mmol) and triethylamine (0.912 mL, 6.09 mmol) were added, and the reaction was then stirred at 50° C. for 5 hours and at room temperature for over night. The reaction mixture was directly poured onto silica gel column and eluted to provide the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 26: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =--(CH2)3NMe2; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with 3,3'-iminobis(N,N-dimethylpropylamine) provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 27: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Me; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =--(CH₂)₃ NHMe

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with 3,3'-methyliminobis(N-methylpropylamine) provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 28: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Et; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =--(CH₂)₃ NHEt

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with 7-ethyl-3,7,11-triazatridecane provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 29: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Et; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =Et

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with N,N,N'-triethylethylenediamine provided the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification was performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=918, M+K=956.

Example 30: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =--(CH2)2--OH; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =Et

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with 2-(2-diethylaminoethylamine)-ethanol provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 31: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Me; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ and R⁵ taken together are O; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =--CH₂ --CO₂ H

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with sarcosyl-sarcosine and 1 equivalent of N-ethylmorpholine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 32: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Me Z=--CH₂ --C(R³⁹⁹)--; R³⁹⁹ =oxo; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with sarcosine dimethylamide provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 33: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Me; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ NHMe

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with 1,4,7-trimethyldiethylenetriamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 34: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =--(CH2)2--NEt2; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =Et

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with 1,1,7,7-tetraethyl diethylenetriamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 35: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =--(CH2)2--NMe2: R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with 1,1,7,7-tetramethyl diethylenetriamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 36: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Et; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ NEt(CH₂)₂ NHEt

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with 1,4,7,10-tetraethyltriethylenetetramine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 37: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =H; R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ NMe₂

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with N-(dimethylaminoethyl)ethylenediamine provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 38: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =--(CH2)2--NH2; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 25, but replacing N,N,N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine with N-Boc-N'-(dimethylaminoethyl)-ethylenediamine provided the desired Boc-amino protected and C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material and purification is performed following the procedure of Example 5 to give the titled compound.

Example 39: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =--CO2tBu; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=3; R⁶ =Boc; R⁷ =H

Following the procedure of Example 4, but replacing N-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine with epsilon-Boc-L-Lys-OtBu provides the desired C-24 protected C-32 adduct. Deprotection of this material is performed using Bu₄ NF followed by purification by reverse phase HPLC to give the titled compound.

Example 40: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =--CO2H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=3; R⁶ =H; R⁷ =H

The resultant compound of example 39 is treated with TFA in dichloromethane, and purification is performed of this material is achieved by reverse phase HPLC to give the titled compound.

Example 41: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =--CO2H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=3; R⁶ =H; R⁷ =--C(═NH)NH₂

The amidination of the resultant compound of example 40 is carried out according to literature methods (Salvadori, S.; Sarto, G. P.; Tomatis, R.; Eur. J. Med. Chem. Chim. Ther. 18:489 (1983)) to give the titled compound.

Example 42: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =--CO2H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=3: R⁶ =H; R⁷ =H

Following the procedures of Examples 39 and 40, but replacing epsilon-Boc-L-Lys-OtBu with epsilon-Boc-D-Lys-OtBu provided the titled compound.

Example 43: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =allyl; R102=H; R103=OH; R104=H; R1=H; R2=H; R3=H; R4=H; R5=H; n=1; R6=Me; R7=Me

Following the procedure of Example 7, but replacing ascomycin (Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ OH; R₁₀₅ =H) with FK-506 (Formula I: R₁₀₀ H; R₁₀₁ =allyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H) provides the titled compound.

Example 44: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ and R₁₀₅ taken together form an oxo group

Methylsulfide-chlorine complex was prepared by adding oxalyl chloride (0.32 g) into a stirred solution of dimethylsulfoxide (0.44 g) in methylene chloride (4 mL) and stirring at -70° C. for 0.5 hours. The solution of the complex was added in slow dropwise fashion into a stirring solution of ascomycin (1.6 g) in methylene chloride (5 mL) at -70° C. After stirring for 0.25 hours, triethylamine (1.4 g) was added at -70° C. Stirring was continued at -70° C. for 0.5 hours and then at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ether (100 mL), washed with 1N HCl (aq) (2×30 mL), saturated brine (30 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and solvent removed. The product was purified on silica gel (70 g) with ether elution. Yield: 0.95 g; MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=790.

Example 45: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R₁₀₅ =OH

Lithium tri-t-butoxyaluminum hydride (0.2 mL, 1M in THF) was added slowly into a stirred solution of the product of Example 44 (0.056 g) in dry THF (1 mL) at -70° C. under nitrogen. After stirring at -70° C. for 3 hours, it was partitioned between ether (50 mL) and 1N HCl (10 mL). The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, the solvent was removed and the product purified by prep TLC (35% acetone in hexanes). Yield: 0.025 g; MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=830.

Example 46: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH: R₁₀₄ =H; R₁₀₅ =O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl

The product of Example 45 (4.0 g, 4.42 mmol) is dissolved in 20 mL of methylene chloride at 0° C. pyridine (3.57 mL, 44.2 mmol), followed by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride (0.74 mL, 4.42 mmol) are carefully added to the reaction mixture. It is stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes and the solvent is removed. Ethyl acetate (50 mL) is added to the residue. The organic layers are washed with brine, saturated NaHCO₃ (20 mL×3), brine (20 mL), 10%-NaHSO₄ (20 mL×3), brine (20 mL×3) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent is removed, the title compound is obtained. This compound is used for the displacement reaction without further purification and characterization.

Example 47 Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

The product of Example 46 (2.03 mmol) is dissolved in 10 mL of freshly distilled methylene chloride, dimethylaminopropylamine (10.15 mmol) and triethylamine (6.09 mmol) are added, and the reaction was then stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was directly poured onto silica gel column and eluted to obtain pure title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=876, M+K=914.

Example 48: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ and R₁₀₃ taken together form a bond; R₁₀₄ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H

Ascomycin (10 g, 12.6 mmol) and pyridinium p-toluene sulfonate (1 g, 3.98 mmol) were dissolved in 200 mL of toluene and stirred at 70° C. over night. Solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with 5-10% acetone in hexane. The title compound (8.89 g) was isolated in 91% yield. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=812.

Example 49: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =H; R₁₀₄ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H

The product of Example 48 (2.2 g, 2.8 mmol) was hydrogenated in the presence of 5% rhodium on alumina (220 mg) in 100 mL of ethanol at room temperature for 1 hour. After filtered, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to obtain the title compound in quantitative yield. The obtained product was then loaded on silica gel column, and eluted with 5-10% acetone in hexane to obtain the pure title compound in 75-80 yield. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=814.

Example 50: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =n-propyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H

FK-506 (150 mg, 0.2 mmol) was dissolved in 6 mL of ethyl acetate and 30 mg of 10%-palladium on charcoal was added. It was hydrogenated at room temperature for 20 minutes under one atmosphere pressure. After filtration of the catalyst, the solvent was evaporated to dryness to yield 150 mg of crude product, which was then purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with a chloroform:acetone (5:1) mixture. The pure titled compound (114 mg) was isolated in 76% yield. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=844.

Example 51: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ and R₁₀₃ taken together form a bond; R₁₀₄ =O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl; R₁₀₅ =H

Following the procedure of Example 3, but replacing the resultant compound of Example 2 with the resultant compound of Example 48 gives the titled compound.

Example 52: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =H; R₁₀₄ =O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl; R₁₀₅ =H

Following the procedure of Example 3, but replacing the resultant compound of Example 2 with the resultant compound of Example 49 gives the titled compound.

Example 53: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =n-propyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl; R₁₀₅ =H

Following the procedures of Examples 1-3, but replacing ascomycin with the resultant compound of Example 50, the titled compound is obtained.

Example 54: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ and R₁₀₃ taken together form a bond; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

The product of Example 51 (2.03 mmol) is dissolved in 10 mL of freshly distilled methylene chloride, dimethylaminopropylamine (10.15 mmol) and triethylamine (6.09 mmol) are added, and the reaction is then stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is directly poured onto silica gel column and eluted to obtain pure title compound.

Example 55: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =H; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

The product of Example 52 (2.03 mmol) is dissolved in 10 mL of freshly distilled methylene chloride, dimethylaminopropylamine (10.15 mmol) and triethylamine (6.09 mmol) are added, and the reaction is then stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is directly poured onto silica gel column and eluted to obtain pure title compound.

Example 56: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =propyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1: R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 7, but replacing ascomycin (Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H) with the resultant compound of Example 53 provides the titled compound.

Example 57: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =methyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1: R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

Following the procedure of Example 7, but replacing ascomycin (Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H) with FK-523 (Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =methyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H) provides the titled compound.

Example 58: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =OH; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =H; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

The product of Example 55 (5 mmol) is dissolved in 25 mL of methylene chloride. This is added to a solution of 5 mL of methylene chloride containing tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (6.65 mL, 20 mmol) and selenium oxide (830 mg, 7.5 mmol). The reaction is monitored by thin layer chromatography. The mixture is stirred at room temperature until the starting material is disappeared. Solvents are removed and an approximately 100 mL of ethyl acetate is added to the residue. The ethyl acetate layer is washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Purification of the title compound is carried out by high performance liquid chromatography.

Example 59: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =F; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =H; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

A solution of the product of example 58 (100 mg) in 1 mL of methylene chloride is cooled to -78° C. in a dry ice/isopropanol bath. To this stirred solution, diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (10 mL) is added. After 3 minutes, saturated sodium bicarbonate (1 mL) is added followed by 5 mL of ethyl acetate and the mixture is warmed to room temperature. Extraction from ethyl acetate, drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and purification by high performance liquid chromatography gives the pure title compound.

Example 60: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =OC(O)CH₃ ; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =H; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me

A solution of the product of example 58 (100 mg) in 1 mL of pyridine is cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. To this stirred solution, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (3 mg), followed by acetic acid anhydride (20 ml) are added. After stirred at 0° C. for 5 hours, it is stirred at room temperature for one over night. Extraction from ethyl acetate, drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and purification by high performance liquid chromatography gives the pure title compound.

Example 61: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy; R₁₀₄ =O-fluorosulfonyl; R₁₀₅ =H

To a stirred solution of the product of Example 2 (0.5 g, 0.6 mmol) in CH₂ Cl₂ (5 mL) at -70° C. was added 2,6-lutidine (0.26 mL, 2.2 mmol), followed by fluorosulfonyl anhydride (0.12 mL, 1.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was warmed to 0° C., and stirred for 0.5 hr. The reaction was partitioned between ether, ice cold 0.1N HCl and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated to give 0.53 g of the crude title compound in 97% yield. FAB-MS (m/z) 1026 (M+K)

Example 62: Formula I: R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R² =Me

To a stirred solution of the product of Example 61 (0.20 g, 0.2 mmol) in CH3CN (1.5 mL) at 0° C. is added 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (0.4 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature overnight. The product is isolated by RP-HPLC (41.4 mm ID, Dynamax-60A, C18 column) to obtain the C-24 protected product. To a stirred solution of the above product (0.1 mmol) in CH₃ CN (2 mL) is added 48% aqueous HF (0.4 mL) in CH₃ CN (1 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 1.5 hr, the product is purified by RP-HPLC to give the titled compound.

Example 63: In Vitro Assay of Biological Activity

The immunosuppressant activity of the compounds of the present invention was determined using the human mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay described by Kino, T. et al. in Transplantation Proceedings XIX(5):36-39, Suppl. 6 (1987), incorporated herein by reference. The results of the assay, shown below in Table 1, demonstrate that the compounds tested are effective immunomodulators at sub-micromolar concentrations.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                                Ex. # IC.sub.50 (M)                                                     ______________________________________                                                 7    <1 × 10.sup.-6                                                     13    <1 × 10.sup.-6                                                     29    <1 × 10.sup.-6                                                     47    <1 × 10.sup.-6                                              ______________________________________                                    

It is understood that the foregoing detailed description and accompanying examples are merely illustrative and are not to be taken as limitations upon the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the appended claims and their equivalents. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications, including without limitation those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, intermediates, syntheses, formulations and/or methods of use of the invention, may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for providing immunomodulation comprising administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the formula: ##STR9## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide or prodrug thereof wherein the ester is selected from C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl esters, C₅ -to-C₇ cycloalkyl esters and arylalkyl esters and wherein the amide results from reaction of a carboxylic acid moiety in the compound of formula I with NH₃, NH₂ (C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl), NH(C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl)₂ or a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom and wherein the prodrug is selected from the group consisting of (a) acyloxymethyl esters of carboxylic acids, (b) (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl esters of carboxylic acids, (c) esters derived from alcohol groups in the parent drug by reaction with succinic acid, phosphoric acid, dialkylaminoacetic acid or an amino acid (d) N-Mannich bases of amides or amines, (e) N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of amides, (f) N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives of amides or heterocyclic amines, (g) oxazolidinones derived from ketone groups in the parent drug by reaction with 2-aminoethanol, N-methyl-2-aminoethanol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanol, 2-aminopropanol, 2-amino-2-methylpropanol, 2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropanol, 3-amino-2-hydroxypropane, 2-amino-1-phenylethanol, 3-aminopropanol or N-methyl-2-amino-1-phenylpropanol and (h) enol esters derived from ketone groups in the parent drug, whereinR¹⁰⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen and --OR⁸ wherein R⁸ is defined as herein; R¹⁰¹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, allyl and propyl; R¹⁰² is hydrogen and R¹⁰³ is selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) hydroxy, and (c) hydroxy protected by a hydroxy-protecting group selected from dimethylthexylsilyl, tri(C₁ -to-C₈ -alkyl)silyl, C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, tri(aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl)silyl trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl, methylthiomethoxyethoxycarbonyl, benzenesulfonylethoxycarbonyl and trimethylsilylethoxymethyl or, taken together, R¹⁰² and R¹⁰³ form a bond; and one of R¹⁰⁴ and R¹⁰⁵ is hydrogen, and the other of R¹⁰⁴ and R¹⁰⁵ is a radical having the formula ##STR10## where Z is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of ##STR11## --(C₂ -to-C₈ alkylidene)-- and --(C₂ -to-C₄ alkylidene)--Q--(C₂ -to-C₄ alkylidene)-- where each such radical is optionally substituted with between one and three radicals independently selected from the group consisting of --OR⁸, --S(O)_(s) R⁸, --S(O)₂ NR⁸ R^(8'), --NR⁸ R^(8'), --SO³ H, ═NOR⁸, --R³⁹⁹ and --R⁴⁰⁰ wherein --Q--, R⁸, s, R^(8'), R³⁹⁹ and R⁴⁰⁰ are defined as herein; R¹, R⁶ and R⁷ in the above are independently selected from the group consisting of (i) hydrogen; (ii) --C(═NH)NH₂ ; (iii) aryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ wherein R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ are as defined herein; (iv) heterocyclic substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ wherein R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ are defined as herein; and (v) alkyl having j carbon atoms where j is an integer between 1 and 10, inclusive, substituted with between zero and 5 but no more than j radicals independently selected from the group consisting of --OR⁸, --S(O)_(s) R⁸ where s is an integer between zero and two, inclusive, --S(O)₂ NR⁸ R^(8'), --NR⁸ R^(8'), --SO₃ H, ═NOR⁸, --R³⁹⁹ and --R⁴⁰⁰ wherein R⁸, R^(8'), R³⁹⁹ and R⁴⁰⁰ are defined as herein; R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of (i) hydrogen, (ii) C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl, (iii) hydroxy-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl, (iv) --COOH, (v) --COO--(C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl), (vi) aminoalkyl of the formula (NR⁴⁰³ R⁴⁰⁴)-C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl wherein R⁴⁰³ and R⁴⁰⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl, aryl and aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl or, taken together, R⁴⁰³ and R⁴⁰⁴ are --(CH₂)_(bb) -- where bb is 2 to 6, (vii) aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl and (viii) carboxy-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl, or, taken together, R² and R³ form an oxo group, subject to the proviso that at least one of R² and R³ must be other than --COOH or --COO--(C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl); R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, mono-(C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl)amino, C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl, hydroxy-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl, --COOH, --COO--(C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl), aminoalkyl independently as defined above, dialkylamino of the formula --N(C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl)(C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl), aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl, and carboxy-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl, or, taken together, R⁴ and R⁵ form an oxo group, subject to the provisos that (i) at least one of R⁴ and R⁵ must be other than --COOH or --COO--(C₁ -C₈ -loweralkyl) and (ii) at least one of R⁴ and R⁵ must be other than hydroxy, amino, mono-(C₁ -C₁₂ -alkyl)amino or dialkylamino independently as defined above; n is an integer between zero and five, inclusive; R³⁹⁹ is selected from the group consisting of(i) hydroxy; (ii) --C(O)OH; (iii) --C(O)OR⁸ wherein R⁸ is defined as herein; (iv) --(C₃ -to-C₇ cycloalkyl); (v) oxo; (vi) thiooxo; (vii) epoxy; (viii) halogen; (ix) --CN; (x) --N₃ ; (xi) --NO₂ ; (xii) --OR^(11') wherein R^(11') is defined as herein; (xiii) --OR^(12') wherein R^(12') is defined as herein; (xiv) --OR¹² -- wherein R^(12") is defined as herein; and (xv) guanidino substituted by a radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁ -C₈ -loweralkyl, aryl, C₁ -C₁₂ -alkyl-C(O)-- or aryl--C(O)--, arylsulfonyl, C₁ -C₈ -alkoxycarbonyl, aryl-C₁ -C₈ -alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl and C₁ -C₁₂ -alkylsulfonyl; R⁴⁰⁰ is selected from the group consisting of(i) aryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; (ii) --Q--aryl where aryl is substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; (iii) heterocyclic substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; (iv) --Q--heterocyclic where heterocyclic is substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; (v) biaryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; (vi) --Q--biaryl where biaryl is substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; (vii) --aryl--Q--aryl where each aryl group is independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; (viii) --aryl--Q--heterocyclic where heterocyclic and aryl are independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; (ix) --heterocyclic--Q--aryl where heterocyclic and aryl are independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; (x) --heterocyclic--aryl where heterocyclic and aryl are independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; and (xi) --aryl--heterocyclic where heterocyclic and aryl are independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ wherein at each occurrence, R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ are defined as herein, where --Q-- is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of(i) --(C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl)--, (ii) --(C₂ -to-C₆ alkenyl)--, (iii) --(C₂ -to-C₆ alkynyl)--, (iv) --(CH₂)_(m") O-- where m" is between zero and six, inclusive, (v) --O(CH₂)_(m") -- where m" is defined as above, (vi) --N(R⁸)C(O)-- wherein R⁸ is defined as herein, (vii) --C(O)N(R⁸)-- wherein R⁸ is defined as herein, (viii) --S(O)_(s) -- wherein s is defined as above, (ix) --N(R⁸)-- wherein R⁸ is defined as herein, (x) --N(R⁸)S(O)₂ -- wherein R⁸ is defined as herein, (xi) --S(O)₂ N(R⁸)-- wherein R⁸ is defined as herein, (xii) --C(O)--, (xiii) --NN--, (xiv) --CHN, (xv) --NCH--, (xvi) --ONCH--, and (xvii) --CHNO--; R⁸ and R^(8') are independently selected from the group consisting of(i) hydrogen; (ii) aryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ wherein R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ are defined as herein; (iii) heterocyclic substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ wherein R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ are defined as herein, (iv) --(C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl) substituted by R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³ wherein R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³ are defined as herein; (v) --(C₃ -to-C₆ alkenyl) substituted by R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³ wherein R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³ are defined as herein; and (vi) --(C₃ -to-C₆ alkynyl) substituted by R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³ wherein R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³ are defined as herein; R³³¹, R³³² and R³³³ are independently selected from the group consisting of(A) hydrogen, (A') halogen, (B) hydroxy, (C) mono-(C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl)amino or dialkylamino independently as defined above, (D) carboxyl, (E) carboxamido of the formula --C(O)NH₂, (F) thiol, (G) C₁ -to-C₈ -alkylthioether, (H) C₁ -to-C₈ -alkylether, (I) guanidino, (J) C₁ -to-C₈ -alkoxycarbonyl, (K) aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkoxycarbonyl, (L) C₁ -to-C₈ -alkoxycarbonylamino, (M) acyl independently as defined above, (N) aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkoxycarbonylamino, (O) aryloxycarbonylamino, (P) acylguanidino wherein acyl is independently as defined above, (Q) arylsulfonylguanidino, (R) C₁ -to-C₈ -alkoxycarbonylguanidino, (S) amino, (T) aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkoxycarbonylguanidino, (U) aryloxycarbonylguanidino, (V) N-alkylcarboxamido of the formula --C(O)NH(C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl), (X) N,N-dialkylcarboxamido of the formula --C(O)N(C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl)(C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl), (Y) N-arylcarboxamido, (Z) N,N-diarylcarboxamido, (AA) --OSO₂ R¹¹ where R¹¹ is defined as herein, (BB) oxo, (CC) epoxy, (DD) arylether, (EE) arylthioether, (FF) aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkylether, (GG) aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkylthioether, (HH) (heterocyclic)ether, (II) (heterocyclic)thioether, (JJ) (heterocylic)-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkylether, (KK) (heterocyclic)-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkylthioether, (LL) aryl, (MM) heterocyclic, (NN) --SO₃ H, (OO) --S(O)₂ NR^(16') R^(16") wherein R^(16'), and R^(16") are defined as herein, and (PP) --S(O)_(s) R^(14') wherein s is defined as above and R^(14') is defined as herein, where each aryl and heterocyclic moiety is independently substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ wherein R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ are defined as herein, R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl, aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³, and aryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ wherein R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ are defined as herein, R^(14') is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl, aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl, C₃ -to-C₈ -cycloalkyl and C₃ -to-C₈ -cycloalkyl-C₁ -to-C₈ -alkyl, and R^(16') and R^(16") are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl, hydroxy-C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl, carboxy-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl, thio-C₁ -to-C₈ -loweralkyl, thioalkoxy-C₁ -to-C₈ -alkyl, guanidino-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl, aminoalkyl independently as defined above and aryl-C₁ -to-C₁₂ -alkyl; or, when appended to a nitrogen atom, R⁸ and R^(8'), taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are connected, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring; and R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ are independently selected from the group consisting of(i) hydrogen; (ii) --(C₁ -to-C₇ alkyl); (iii) --(C₂ -to-C₆ alkenyl); (iv) halogen; (v) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R^(8'), where m is an integer between zero and four, inclusive wherein R⁸ and R^(8') are defined as above; (vi) --CN; (vii) --CHO; (viii) mono-, di-, tri-, or perhalogenated C₁ -C₁₂ -alkyl; (ix) --S(O)_(s) R⁸ wherein s and R⁸ are defined as above; (x) --C(O)NR⁸ R^(8') wherein R⁸ and R^(8') are defined as above; (xi) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸ wherein R⁸ is defined as above; (xii) --CH(OR^(12'))(OR^(12")), where R^(12') and R^(12") are independently --(C₁ -to-C₃ alkyl) or, taken together, form an ethylene or propylene bridge; (xiii) --(CH₂)_(m) OC(O)R⁸ wherein R⁸ is defined as above; (xiv) --(CH₂)_(m) C(O)OR⁸ wherein R⁸ is defined as above; (xv) --OR^(11'), where R^(11') is selected from the group consisting of(A) --PO(OH)OH, (B) --SO₃ H, and (C) --C(O)(CH₂)_(m) C(O)OH; (xvi) --S(O)₂ NR⁸ R^(8') wherein R⁸ and R^(8') are defined as above; (xvii) --NO₂ ; (xviii) --N₃ ; and (xviv) guanidino optionally substituted by a radical selected from the group consisting of C₁ -C₈ -loweralkyl, aryl, C₁ -C₁₂ -alkyl--C(O)-- or aryl--C(O)--, arylsulfonyl, C₁ -C₈ -alkoxycarbonyl, aryl-C₁ -C₈ -alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl and C₁ -C₁₂ -alkylsulfonyl, wherein at each occurrence the term aryl is independently selected from phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthal, fluorenyl, (1,2)-dihydronaphthyl, indenyl, and indanyl; wherein at each occurrence the term heterocyclic is independently selected from the group consisting of pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, cytosinyl, thiocytosinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyridyl, piperidinyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, xanthenyl, xanthonyl, xanthopterinyl, oxazoyl, oxazolidinyl, thiouracilyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, uracilyl, urazolyl, uricyl, triazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoquinolinyl, thyminyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furyl, thienyl and benzothienyl, subject to the proviso that each of substituents R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ may comprise no more than twenty non-hydrogen atoms; or, taken together, any two adjacent groups R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ and the atoms to which they are attached form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring having between five and seven ring atoms.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein Z is a radical having the formula ##STR12## wherein n, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined therein.
 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein n is an integer between zero and five, inclusive.
 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein R¹, R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of (i) hydrogen; (ii) --C(═NH)NH₂ ; (iii) aryl substituted by R³⁰¹, R³⁰² and R³⁰³ ; and (iv) alkyl having j carbon atoms where j is an integer between 1 and 10, inclusive, substituted with between zero and 5 but no more than j radicals selected from the group consisting of --OR⁸, --S(O)_(s) R⁸ where s is zero through two, --S(O)₂ NR⁸ R^(8'), --NR⁸ R^(8'), --SO₃ H, ═NOR⁸, --R³⁹⁹ and --R⁴⁰⁰ wherein s, R⁸, R^(8'), R³⁰¹, R³⁰², R³⁰³, R³⁹⁹ and R⁴⁰⁰ are as defined therein.
 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein Z is --(C₂ -to-C₈ alkylidene)--, optionally substituted with between one and three radicals independently selected from the group consisting of --OR⁸, --S(O)_(s) R⁸, --S(O)₂ NR⁸ R^(8'), --NR⁸ R^(8'), --SO₃ H, ═NOR⁸, --R³⁹⁹ and --R⁴⁰⁰ wherein S, R⁸, R^(8'), R³⁹⁹ and R⁴⁰⁰ are as defined therein.
 6. A method for providing immunomodulation comprising administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the formula: ##STR13## wherein R¹⁰⁵ is a radical having the formula ##STR14## where Z is a divalent radical of the formula ##STR15## wherein R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =--(CH₂)₃ --NH₂ ;R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=2; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Bu; and R⁷ =Bu; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =OH; n=1; R⁶ =Et; and R⁷ =Et; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =--(CH2)2--OH; and R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ --OH; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =Me; R⁵ =Me; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; and R⁷ =Et; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; and R⁶, R⁷ and the nitrogen to which they are attached=NMe₃ Cl; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =--(CH2)2--OH; and R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ --OH; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =Me; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =Me; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =iPr; and R⁷ =iPr; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =--(CH₂)₂ --NH₂ ; and R⁷ =--C₁₂ H₂₅ ; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; and R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ --NEt₂ ; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; and R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ --OH; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Bu; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =CO2H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =CO2H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Me; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =--(CH2)3NMe2; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Me; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =--(CH₂)₃ NHMe; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Et; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Et; and R⁷ =--(CH₂)₃ NHEt; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Et; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; and R⁷ =Et; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =--(CH2)2--OH; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; and R⁷ =Et; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Me; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ and R⁵ taken together are O; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =--CH₂ --CO₂ H; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Me; Z=--CH₂ --C(R³⁹⁹)--; R³⁹⁹ =oxo; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Me; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ NHMe; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =--(CH2)2--NEt2; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; and R⁷ =Et; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =--(CH2)2--NMe2; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Et; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; and R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ NEt(CH₂)₂ NHEt; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =H; and R⁷ =--(CH₂)₂ NMe₂ ; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =--(CH2)2--NH2; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =--CO2tBu; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=3; R⁶ =Boc; and R⁷ =H; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =--CO2H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=3; R⁶ =H; and R⁷ =H; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =--CO2H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=3; R⁶ =H; and R⁷ =--C(═NH)NH₂ ; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =--CO2H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=3; R⁶ =H; and R⁷ =H; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =allyl; R102=H; R103=OH; R104=H; R1=H; R2=H; R3=H; R4=H; R5H; n=1; R6=Me; and R7=Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ and R₁₀₃ taken together form a bond; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =H; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =propyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =methyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =OH; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =H; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =F; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =H; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; R₁₀₀ =OC(O)CH₃ ; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =H; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me; or R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; and R⁷ =Me;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide or prodrug thereof, wherein the ester is selected from C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl esters, C₅ -to-C₇ cycloalkyl esters and arylalkyl esters and wherein the amide results from reaction of a carboxylic acid moiety in the compound of formula I with NH₃, NH₂ (C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl), NH(C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl)₂ or a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom and wherein the prodrug is selected from the group consisting of (a) acyloxymethyl esters of carboxylic acids, (b) (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl esters of carboxylic acids, (c) esters derived from alcohol groups in the parent drug by reaction with succinic acid, phosphoric acid, dialkylaminoacetic acid or an amino acid (d) N-Mannich bases of amides or amines, (e) N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of amides, (f) N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives of amides or heterocyclic amines, (g) oxazolidinones derived from ketone groups in the parent drug by reaction with 2-aminoethanol, N-methyl-2-aminoethanol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanol, 2-aminopropanol, 2-amino-2-methylpropanol, 2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropanol, 3-amino-2-hydroxypropane, 2-amino-1-phenylethanol, 3-aminopropanol or N-methyl-2-amino-1-phenylpropanol and (h) enol esters derived from ketone groups in the parent drug.
 7. A method for providing immunomodulation comprising administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the formula: ##STR16## wherein R¹⁰⁵ is a radical having the formula ##STR17## where Z is a divalent radical of the formula ##STR18## wherein R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me;R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =Et; R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₄ =H; R¹ =Et; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=0; R⁶ =Et; R⁷ =Et; or R₁₀₀ =H; R₁₀₁ =ethyl; R₁₀₂ =H; R₁₀₃ =OH; R₁₀₅ =H; R¹ =H; R² =H; R³ =H; R⁴ =H; R⁵ =H; n=1; R⁶ =Me; R⁷ =Me;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide or prodrug thereof, wherein the ester is selected from C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl esters, C₅ -to-C₇ cycloalkyl esters and arylalkyl esters and wherein the amide results from reaction of a carboxylic acid moiety in the compound of formula I with NH₃, NH₂ (C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl), NH(C₁ -to-C₆ alkyl)₂ or a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom and wherein the prodrug is selected from the group consisting of (a) acyloxymethyl esters of carboxylic acids, (b) (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl esters of carboxylic acids, (c) esters derived from alcohol groups in the parent drug by reaction with succinic acid, phosphoric acid, dialkylaminoacetic acid or an amino acid (d) N-Mannich bases of amides or amines, (e) N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of amides, (f) N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives of amides or heterocyclic amines, (g) oxazolidinones derived from ketone groups in the parent drug by reaction with 2-aminoethanol, N-methyl-2-aminoethanol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanol, 2-aminopropanol, 2-amino-2-methylpropanol, 2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropanol, 3-amino-2-hydroxypropane, 2-amino-1-phenylethanol, 3-aminopropanol or N-methyl-2-amino-1-phenylpropanol and (h) enol esters derived from ketone groups in the parent drug. 